piBc]mI:Kgt],Pgt]:wan]:miBc];miBc];Pgm].hBm]:
piBc]mI:Kgt],Pgt]:wan]:miBc];miBc];Pgm].hBm]:'-'Puin]mUin]kqm];w}.'
hw];kBn];miBc];'miBc];Pgm].hBm]:n}.'pun]:nc],huiw]etKgt],Pgt]:pQn]miBc];hBm]:tbm]An]tUiw];sqt]:sac],man],mqn]:nn].'tL,pBk];tc]:lgc]:JtL;PQc],pQc];nn].'tL,AL,mKam],hG]:nG];miBc];mI;cm];yQn]Aik],pgc],sqc]:lqc];kn]nn].'tL,tm];ma}w}.pn]lgc]:Agn]kn]kqt],EKEh.kc]:nn].'tL,ybk].tac],lgc]:yU,SL,kin]lIkU:lgc]:lgc]:El:Aik],'pn]hUm],lUm]:tac];lImc],klL,lgc]:Tac],hac]:lgt]:lqw];pun]:tL,tBw]hw];kBv];Am],kL;'pL;tL,saw];siBw].KiBw];Sa}Sibp],hw];miBw];nL:tc];SQc]:nn].'n}El:'hw];Pbk],Pac]tibn];eSpBk];tc]:piBc]mI:Kgt],Pgt]:wan]:miBc];An]n}.w}.pn]'pun]:tL,miBc];Pgm].hBm]:AEm,rikyB,yw]."
pbk]:lik]:ma}'1'
tgn]:ma}'1'
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tgn]:ma}'2'
ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];lbm]:n}.'etl}:Kgt],Pgt]:Kw]:pL;kBn];sUiw];l}:Kam],lUik]:w}.'An]kBn];miBc];Es:miBc];tc];la}Kw]Agn]kn]liBk]:kQp];pn]'Kgp]:Sgc]KBp],pIlG]nibc]:pgk]:nn]."eSyw].El:Kw]sUiw];pQn]PU:liBk]:kQp];pn]'An]yB,nG];es:miBc];PG]mn];la}la}miBc];nn].'tk];Tbk],l}:mI;nm].kt].tac];Kqn],'pbn],tL,etpQn]PU:liBk]:kQp];pn]'kBn];hQt];Agk],pk];piBc]es:miBc];kB:kic],EPkU:hgc]:kan]tc];la}nn].yB,yw]."
PB:lG]ekL:etAm],pQn]l}:PU:tqn];Pgc];'epL;ASak]:mn];yc];Am],p},tQm]Saw];hL:KBp],yw].nn].'eSEl:epL;Am],pQn]kBn];kibk];miBc];miBc];Pgm].hBm]:'hibc]nan];l}:mL;yw].sQt];pInn].'El:Aik],kBn];ekL.nn].n}.'Pgc];miBw]:liBk]:kQp];nn].epL;mn];Am],yB,Sw];nG];es:miBc];An]mn];etKam],liBk]:kQp];"
PU:tqn];Pgc];Kw]El:Kgn],km];Sibw]:n}.'hG]:EPKuic]:Kuic]:kn]pn]pbn]:PG]mn];t}.'tI:nG];Ek:Es:miBc];siBw];etKw]:pL;nG];miBc];hBm]:tbm]nn].'Aic]lBv]:tc];nm]eA,PU:tqn];Pgc];Kw]nn].n}.'mn];etpQn]An]l}:tqp];tt];mk];mn]:pn]pL;tc];An]Aw]SQn]:Sa}ma}kUn];lgt]:lqw];Kw]'El:Aik],'Kw]siBw];l}:hap],Tam];kan]can];nG];sBw]:pITam];kan]la}la}pIsiBw];nn].'mL;Tqm]elL;SG],El:Sc]'eSEl:Am],Kw]:pL;kBn]KiBw];Ain];tI;yn];siBw];Am],l}:kQp];Kgn],nUiw]Kw]nn].El:Sc]'hG]:pQn]Sam]pbn]:hL:pbn]:kL:nG];tc];nm]kBn];tac],ekL.Kw]mI;w}.tc];SQc]:mBt];nn].yB,yw]."hQt];nn]eSSQn]ma}suiw]:kUn];ekL.etL,ekL.'An]Et.Et.mn];n}.'tk];l}:tqm]:ma}hQt];w}.hG]:yw].tBw]:nG];Kaw];tac];Sam]pIAn]'Et,np].Aan],wa};eSpac]kbm]lBc]kgn]krqt].S]pgk]:Tinibc]:yw].kGL,nn].eSEl:'etl}:hQt];nc],nn]sgm];nG];sBw]:pITam];kan]hBw]Sip];pISibp],tam];kn]nn].kGL,'kB:sBw]:hBw]Sip];pIlG]nibc]:pgk]:'miBw]:An]hQt];sgm];nc],wL:w}.n}.'tk];l}:hQt];sgm];An]pk];piBc]sism]:pn]nn].yB,yw]."kQw],lgc]:tc];nm]PU:tqn];Pgc];Kw]n}.sm].'tL,hBw]kBn];Sam]mibn],nn].etAm],l}:liBw]eSPU:tqn];Pgc];nibc]:ekL."kBv];kL:nibc]:es:miBc];n}.ethG]:l}:mI;PU:tqn];Pgc];tI:eA,Sbt];nibc]:ekL.yB,'eSEl:han].etL,epL;hQt];SQn]:ma}suiw]:ekL.etL,ekL.nn].yw].tBw]:n}.'es:miBc];niw];hm];S};yL;n}.'liBk]:kQp];mL;l}:Sam]ekL.'mt].SKYO;St].pqt],ekL.'kbn]rBt]El:Es:tgn]:Pbk],Sgm]:pL,m}.nn].nibc]:ekL.'kgn]nqk].tikt].hL:ekL.'niw];ygk].hBk];ekL.'niw];kYL,sI,SI,ekL.'pqn],SBl]ew;nI;ypqt],ekL.'Et;lEw;nibc]:ekL.'Em,rI,lin].hBk];ekL.'pL,kYI;nI;ySip];ekL.'krOw],l};nL;hgc],hL:ekL.'krOw],l};nL;san];hL:ekL.'El:ekYL,kYIyL,Sam]ekL.'yB,yw]."
mqn]:miBw]:mI;mL;lgc]:Agc]:tI:pw],nG];nL:tI:tqn];Pgc];tac]tBw]es:miBc];eSAn]An]nn].'sbm];pgc]kan]An]mI;AL,nL,hQt];l}:n}.'etmI;pBc]eKL:Sc],hgc].hQt];pac]liBk]:kQp];'tL,PiBm].Tqm]SG],Agc]:tI:pw],nn].yB,yw]."
ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];lbm]:n}.'etliBk]:PB:lat]:sLtac]tL,Kw]El:PB:mI;sn].nG];lbm];Kw]nn].'eSEl:Aik],'ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];lbm]:n}.mI;lgn].cw]:AL,nL,tL,siEn;sg};AmbAm],tm];sG]Kbn]miBc];'nn].l}:yB,yw]."
tgn]:ma}'3'
ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];wBn]miBc];Pgm].hBm]:n}.'etl}:Kgt],Pgt]:Kw]:pL;w}.Kbn]tqn];Pgc];wBn]nibc]:es:miBc];lG]Sgc]ekL.kB:es:miBc];'An]Pa},hQt];Agk],pk];piBc]es:miBc];PG]mn];ekL.liBk]:pn]pbn]:tL,hBk];pInn].'eSyw].El:'Kbn]tqn];Pgc];wBn]nibc]:ekL.n}.mI;AL,nL,tgt]:Kqp];Em;nibc]:Kqp];yB,yw]."
wa};eSKw]Kibn]:hBm]:pac]kbm]An]hQt];tam];lc]pac]liBk]:kQp];km];Tinibc]:nn].yw].n}.'kuic].kac].km];lQw]eS'ethG]:Aw]Kw]EPw}.pQn]Sam]Tan]:'lBv]:tc];nm]eA,PQc],PQc],kn]nn]."tI:nc]:Kbn]tqn];Pgc];wBn]siBw];An]Kw]:pL;nG];SQn]:ma}Tan]:nibc]:n}.'etl}:pQn]Agc]:tI:pw],miBw]:pITUn]:Sgc]Sbt];SQc]:nn].eS'tI:nc]:Kbn]tqn];Pgc];wBn]siBw];An]Kw]:pL;nG];SQn]:ma}Tan]:Sgc]nn].sm].'ethG]:l}:pQn]Agc]:tI:pw],miBw]:pITUn]:SI,Sbt];SQc]:nn].'eSEl:tL,siBw];Kw]:pL;nG];SQn]:ma}Tan]:Sam]nn].sm].'ethG]:l}:pQn]Agc]:tI:pw],miBw]:pITUn]:hUk];Sbt];SQc]:nn].yw].'piBw]:n}El:tk];etl}:liBk]:kQp];tc];nm]nibc]:pbn]:Sam]pbn]:Kw]nn].pn]'miBw]:TBn]:Sgc]pInn].kU:Sgc]pInuic]:pgk]:'eSAm],kL;'liBk]:pn]pL;'mUiw]:Sc]wL:mI;Agc]:tI:pw],ygn].lUv]:'lgc]:epL;kan]kGL,nn].'epL;Am],nn]Et.'liBk]:kQp];Pgc];miBw]:An]'sbm];Pa},hQt];Agk],pk];piBc]es:miBc];lG]miBc];nn].Kw]kibt];libw]:lbm];w}.nn].'hQt];nn]eSEl:'Pa},Abp].piBc],Pgc];cm];n}.'etliBk]:pn]pbn]:Pgn];nL:kan]sBw]:Kaw];tL,pbt]:tqn];SG],Agc]:tI:pw],siBw];nn].w}.pn]'han].etL,pac]kbm]sbm];P},hQt];Agk],pk];piBc]An]hQt];km];etmL;'An]pQn]pun]:tL,Tqm]SG],Agc]:tI:pw],tc];mBt];pn]nn].yB,yw]."
PB:lG]ekL:etAm],pQn]l}:PB:tqn];Pgc];wBn]'epL;ASak]:mn];yc];Am],p},tQm]Sam]Sip];KBp],yw].nn].'El:epL;Am],pQn]kBn];kibk];miBc];miBc];Pgm].hBm]:hibc]nan];l}:mL;yw].kw]:pInn].'eSEl:Aik],'kBn];ekL.nn].n}.Pgc];miBw]:liBk]:kQp];nn].'epL;mn];Am],yB,Sw];nG];es:miBc];An]mn];etKam],liBk]:kQp];nn].epL;n}"
sw]:kqm]sgm]sibc]:miBc];Pgm].hBm]:n}.'tk];etl}:pQn]hUw]w]pw]:ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];wBn]nn].yB,yw].'kBv];kL:mn];etAm]l}:mI;AL,nL,tL,tgt]:Kqp];Em;'Sc]siBw].wL:nG];Kbn]tqn];Pgc];wBn]Kw]nc],kn]n}.'Am],piBc]:kn]eSEPpQn]Sgc]Pa},Kibc]:kn]w}.hQt];nn]nn]."
ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];wBn]n}.etl}:liBk]:Kbn]lbm];Kw]w}.la}la}ekL.'eSEl:liBk]:pL;km].hBw]pw]:sUw]kqp].sUw]:Kaw];'tL,nc]:lbm];tqn];tac]yam];miBw]:kqm]sgm]sibc]:Am],yB,nn].El:Sc]'Am],nn]ekL:mqn]:miBw];mn];sa};sw]:Kbn]kqm]sgm]sibw]n}.lBw],l}:hQt];kan]lbm];sgm]sibc]:miBc];Pgm].hBm]:nn].El:Sc]'siBw];n}.nn].yw]."
ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];wBn]n}.mI;lgn].cw]:AL,nL,'tL,sqt]:Tam]Tt];Sin]Amb'An]sI.En;lgc]:Am],tm];sG]Kbn]sUiw];nn].tc];SQc]:yw]."yam];miBw]:nc]:lbm];tL,yiBc];Aan];An]n}.n}.'Kw]etl}:Kam],kGam];yc],sG]'Am],nn]ekL:kGam];mn]:ma}sG]nn].yB,yw]."mqn]:miBw]:etl}:sqt]:Tam]Tt];Sin]Ambsgm]sbic]:miBc];Pgm].hBm]:nn].n}.'etl}:pn]hG]:PU:ekL.pQn]sgm]Kbn]Tt];Sin]n}.'Aw]tI:yB,nc]:lbm];An]n}."hQt];n}eSEl:'PB:lG]ekL:tk];etAm],l}:Kam],vL;En;tac];Pit];'epL;wL:Am],l}:mI;eKL:hn]miBn]kn]'tc];nm]Sgc]pbn]:Sam]pbn]:PB:Kw]:sbm];siBw];mL;Kibn]:lbm];sgm];kn]nn]."
eKL:Tt];Sin]kQw]AmbsI.En;lgc]:Am],tm];sG]Kbn]nn].n}.'etAm],l}:liBw]eSAn]pBt];sn].Aw]Agk],lbm];pqt]:nn].'El:lgc]:wL:mn];Am],mI;nm].kt].tac];lItL,yip];lum];El:hp].nc]:lbm];'sUiw];pQn]lbm];Pa},np].ym]ybk]:ygc]:'lbm];Pa},Aap]:lgc]:ybm],ym]'Am],nn]lum];Pa},nm].tgn];Pgn];lI'sUiw];pQn]lum];tG]:miBc];Pgm].hBm]:nn].'eSAit];yw].n}"kBv];kL:PB:ekL.l}:Kam],vL;En;tac];Pit];n}.'pQn]hibw]ekL:yL,'etAm],hG]:l}:wL:TiBk]:Aw]Aac]:Aic]hQt];tL,sg};AmbrL,swBt]:'hQt];pQn]An]sqt]:Tam]Tt];Sin]'pQn]eKL:Tt];Sin]El:pQn]An]pn]tam],'sgm];nc],pk];piBc]nn].n}nc],kaw],"
tgn]:ma}'4'
Kaw];yam];'Agc]:tI:'El:lgk];la};hQt];pac]liBk]:kQp];'pbn]:tL,etliBk]:kQp];Kbn]tqn];Pgc];wBn]Kw]El:Kbn]tqn];Pgc];lbm]:Kw]nn].sm].'etl}:mk];ma}tm];pn]w}.pk];piBc]'An]sbm];hQt];Agk],pk];piBc]es:miBc];PG]mn];hqn];hQt];w}.nn].yB,yw]."kBv];kL:sgm];nc],pk];piBc]mI;nn].eSyw].'kgn]krqt].S]n}.'ethQt];Agk],'Am],nn]Em;hac]:hqn];piBc]mI:nn].eS'PiBw],w}.pn]l}:kB:Kaw];yam];yB,'pqc],eSAgc]:tI:tL,liBk]:Kbn]tqn];Pgc];wBn]Kw]nn]."
Kgn]krqt].S]n}.'etl}:Kibn]:hUm]:kn]tI:eA,Sbt];mn];nibc]:KBp],pIlG]nibc]:pgk]:yU,yw]."pac]kbm]siBc].nn]n}.'tk];etl}:hQt];mUiw]:wn];tc]lL,km];Agn]tac];Sbt];nG];liBc]tI,sim],pL,nn].yw].'Sc]siBw].wL:Am],l}:Kin];wn];w}.pn]pqk],pqk],tL,Kw]'lBv]:pk];piBc]nn].epL;n}"
tgn]:ma}'5'
ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];An]lG]An]nn].n}.'etl}:pQn]Kbn]Tt];Sin]kQw],lgc]:pac]pg};liBk]:kQp];tc];la}El:Sc]'kQw],lgc]:pgk]:Kibn];mL;nn].El:lgc]:nm].kt].tac];lItL,PB:Kw]:sbm];Kw]nn].el:Sc]'kQw],lgc]:tL,mk];Kan];w}.tc];nm]mn];'tI:An]etAw]la};Pa},pL:nm]Pgm].tqp];tt];eShQt];Sac]:kan]can];kGL,nn].El:Sc]'skGL,siBw];n}.nn].yU,yw]."kBv];kL:epL;PB:mL;Kibn]:hgt]:mI;eA,epL;n}etl}:Ka}.wn];hQt];kan]kGL,wn];etL,wn];eSyw].'ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];An]lG]An]nn].n}.'ethG]:l}:mI;eAL;sL,AL,nL,tL,tQk];hgc].hG]:PB:Kw]:sbm];siBw];Am],mL;nn].hG]:mL;Kibn]:lbm];'hQt];nc],piBc]kan]mI;nn].eSEl:Sc]'pn]tam],nc],TiBk]:l}:Kam],tam],mn];nn].eSEl:Sc]'lBv]:sgm];An]ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];An]lG]An]nn].etmk];ma}tm];wac];w}.nn].yB,yw]."
ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];An]lG]An]nn].n}.'ettqp];tt];mk];mn]:ma}mI:kQw],lgc]:la};hQt];kan]kGL,Kk].nibc]:yw].Kk].nibc]:nn].El:Sc]'pn]tam],PB:Kw]:sbm];PG]mn];kgp]:piBw]:Am],km]kYac].hQt];sgm];PQn]:PQn]:nn].ElSc]'Aik],lUv]:An]Aw]eKL:hn]miBn]kn]tc];nm]Sgc]pbn]:Sam]pbn]:PB:Kw]sbm];Kw]nn].eS'Tbk]:pqt]:PB:Kw]sbm];ekL.nibc]:nn].El:Sc]'siBw];n}.yU,yw]."
ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];An]lG]An]nn].n}.'etl}:mI;Pibn]Kaw],kYL,Enl]lgc]:Kk].tgn]:hQt];kan]'eSEl:Tbk]:Agk],pibn]EPmiBn]kn]kGL,sgm];pQn]pgk]:pQn]pgk]:'pqc],liBw]eSpgt];tgn]:siBw];An]pQn]eKL:Tt];Sin]An]lBw],l}:w}.lp].nn].'El:Aik],!eKL:Pgm].eAL:@Aik],!eKL:TQc]Am],@PB:Kw]:sbm];ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];eSAn]An]'kp];ka},lBv]:eKL:Tam]lgc]:tac];Sc]eSAm],wL:nn].yw].'epL;wL:nibc]:pbn]:hL:pbn]:PB:Kibn]:hgt]:pac]kbm]Kw]mI;kac]sG]KG]:w}.lp].siBc].nn]nn].'liBw]eSsiBw];nn].kB:lgc]:kB:An]n}.'etl}:Aw]tqm]:SG],nG];Pibn]Kaw],kYL,Enl]nn].yw]."
ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];lG]ekL:yw].'Pgc];miBw]:kgn],krqt].S]pibt],lbm];hQt];kan]w}.yB,nn].'epL;wL:Am],Aw]kac]sG]hn]lIlUv]:tI:ehLKbn]Tqc]:An]nibc]:nn].Sc]n}.'tk];etAm],l}:Ka}.wn];hQt];kan]nm]liBw]eSSam]wn];'Am],nn]'Ka}.Agc]:tI:hQt];kan]kGL,tac],tI:ngk]:eSAgc]:tI:An]pQn]tL,ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];Sgc]ehLnc]:lbm];nn]."
tgn]:ma}'6'
Kbn]tqn];Pgc];wBn]El:Kbn]tqn];Pgc];lbm]:Kw]n}.'tk];etl}:hp].kL:TiBk]:eyL,pn]pbn]:An]Kw]hap],Tam];kan]nn].'lgc]:n}.etl}:Entqk],lqc];w}.pn]nG];pk];piBc]'El:Aw]cibn];nG];tiBk]:ey;cibn];miBc];Pgm].hBm]:nn].pn]"Kw]tk];etl}:lgt]:lgc]:sg};Ambtc];SQc]'pqc],liBw]eSAn]lbk].Pibn].sibc]:miBc];'hQt];Pit];rL,swBt]:An]tam],TiBk]:nk];nn].'El:'hQt];Pit];pBn].yL.lB.lgc]:cm];yQn]siBw];n}.nn].'Kw]mI;AKGac].lIl}:lgt]:tac];tivgp];Sc]wL:pQn]Pgc];yam];Kw]tibk].Kibn]:hgt]:pac]kbm]ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];An]Sqc],yL,sap]:lBv]:Kw]yB,nn].El:Sc]'Pgc];yam];miBw]:Kw]tibk].kGL,El:pgk]:mL;Kibn];tI:pac]kbm]ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];miBn]kn]nn].'El:tL,mgk],lat]:eKL:kGam];'Am]nn]'tL,Kibn]:Tt];TQc]kn]tI:nG];ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];eSAn]An]nn].El:Sc]'sUiw];n}.'epL;pQn]siBc].n}sibc]'Kw]tk];etAm],l}:Kam],hgc].tgc]:Tam]tac],tI:nn].Sc]lL;lL;"
miBw]:Kaw];yam];mn];l}:Kam],liBk]:kQp];w}.yw].nn].'Am],mI;Kbn]tqn]Pgc];wBn]Am],nn]Kbn]tqn];Pgc];lbm]:ekL.lG]'etl}:hp].sn].lbm];s};nL:kan]siuc]:kBn];'Pa},tG]:eAL;sL,AL,nL,miBc];Pgm].hBm]:nn].Sc]Tqc]:eSAn]"pQn]lgc]:mQw];An]Pan],SGac];hQt];Agk],pQn]nn].hibw]'Am],nn]'lgc]:ybk].pn]cibn];liBn]KBw];Pak],Kgc]TQm]skGL,siBw];n}.nn].hibw']n}ekL:Am],etl}:hp]."miBw]:Pgc];yam];mn];tibk].Sibp],hQt];kan]lbm];etL,kGL,yB,nn].n}.'Am],mI;kBn];hQt];kan]Kbn]nG];lbm];miBc];Pgm].hBm]:ekL.lG]'etsac]:l}:pQn]PB:Kw]:sbm];ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];An]lG]nn].eSAn]lL;lL;"
tgn]:ma}'7'
pk];piBc]liBc];An]etKbin]:cbin];Kgn],tc];SQc]:n}.cw]:pibc];mn];etl}:Et,tI:ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];lbm]:Agn]tac];yw].'kBv];kL:ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];wBn]n}.sac]:yibn]:ygn];'Am],nn]ekL:'sac]:etpL;mI;tac];lgc]:mBn].Em;eShn]lBv]:miBn]kn]tc];Kw]'nc],mn];pQn]pk];piUc]lUic];tac],An]nn].yB,yw]."
pk];piBc]liBc];kB:An]An]'siBw];lt];pBn].ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];lbm]:El:ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];wBn]yw].nn].'kgn],Agn]miBw]:p},pQn]mL;pk];piBc]n}.'tk];hG]:l}:Aw]tac],Tibc]tI:sw]:Kbn]sgm]sbic]:miBc];Pgm].hBm]:kgn],yw]."Sc]siBw].wL:mn];sw]:Kbn]Tgk]:Kam],km].Tqm]sibc]mn];etlBc];la};mibw];'kBv];kL:epL;mn];Am],Tgk]:Kam],km].Tqm]sbic]'mn];etpL;sgm];lgc]:tac];An]mn];San]Kt];nn].eS'etSBc],pn]Kibn];ehLKbn]An]ekL.Et,cw]:pibc];mn];nn].hQt];nn]yw].'ehLKbn]nn].n}.etAw]lgc]:San]Kt];n}.tqm]:SG],nG];Pbin]Kaw],kYL,Enl],Kw]nn].yG],yG],kGac]:kGac]:yw].'eSEl:'tk];etl}:Sibp],Aw]lgc]:nn].mL;wBn].K}:sG]tBv];yB,yw]."wa};eSwBn].K}:sG]tBv];nc],nn]yw].nn].'Sc]siBw].wL:kBn];tc];nm]Sgc]pbn]:Sam]pbn]:nG];ehLKbn]nn].'Pgm].l}:sG]kn]tL,hG]:Aw]pk];piBc]liBc];nn].lt];pBn].n}sibc]'etl}:pL;tac];eKL:San]Kt];nn].eSSBc],pn]ehLKbn]tac],An]'An]Kw]ekL:etl}:Aw]wBn].K}:sG]tBv];miBn]kn]nc],nn]nn].eSyw].El:'Sc]wL:kBn];tc];nm]Sgc]pbn]:Sam]pbn]:nG];ehLKbn]An]nn].ekL:'Tgk]:Kam],km].Tqm]epL;n}sibc]'pk];piBc]liBc];An]nn].n}.tk];ethG]:l}:pQn]mL;pk];piBc]yB,yw]."kBv];kL:'miBw]:hQt];Sac]:kQw],lBv]:lgc]:siBw];nn].kB:An]tc];mBt];n}.'An]ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];tc];Sgc]Kw]tgt]:Kqp];Em;n}.ethG]:l}:pQn]!eKL:Pgm].eAL:@Am],nn]!eKL:Tqc]Am],@nn].kBv];'El:Aik],sibw]:SQc]kBn];siBw];tgt]:Em;km].pn]El:tgt]:Em;San]Kt];Kw]nn].'etl}:Aw]tqm]:ma}SG],nG];Pibn]Kaw],kYL,Enl],ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];PG]mn];'lBv]:An]An]kQw],kp];Sqc],yL,kn]nn].lIlI"Sc]siBw].wL:pk];piBc]kYam];An]lG]ekL:sgm]sibc]:n}.Am],SBc],pn]Kibn];mL;'nG];Kaw];tac];hibc]Sip];wn];(wn];tc]nBv],Et.etAm],np].pL;)An]np].Aan],wa};eStac],Tibc]mn];sw]:Kbn]w}.yw].nn].'epL;n}sibc]'pk];piBc]liBc];nn].etl}:pQn]mL;pk];piBc]miBn]kn]tc];An]mn];lBc];la};mibw];pn]yw].n}nn].'nc],kaw],yU,yw].'epL;Am],sG]:kgn],krqt].S]n}.ekL.Ka}.wn];mn];eSham]:Eh.yL,hG]:sac]:l}:SBc],pn]Kibn];hQt];nn]nn].epL;n}'epL;pQn]siBc].nn]Et.sibc]'pk];piBc]liBc];nn].etp},hG]:l}:pQn]mL;pk];piBc]lB;kgn],"
eKL:pBc]Sc],'eKL:Ek:K}'Am],nn]'lgc]:tgt]:Em;km].pn]skGL,kB:An]An]'An]wL:ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];wBn]El:ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];lbm]:Kw]mI;eKL:hn]miBn]kn]nn].n}.'tk];lBw],l}:(pqc],eSmI;lgc]:tL,Ka}.wn];mn];)tac],Tibc]sgm]sibc]:miBc];Pgm].hBm]:yB,yw].'eSEl:Agn]tac];miBw]:p},Aw]yip];sG].tibw];kGL,n}.'tk];hG]:l}:An]mn];sw]:Kbn]Tgk]:Kam],km].Tqm],pn]'Am],nn]ekL:'Am],Tgk]:Kam],km].Tqm]pn]nn].kgn]yw].'tk];hG]:l}:Kibn];Aw]lt];pBn].'ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];wBn]El:ehLKbn]tqn];Pgc];lbm]:lBv]:kac]sG]Sgc]pbn]:Sam]pbn]:nn].'sgm];nc],ma}mI:El:eKL:Kat]:Kgp],mk];Kan];'An]tqm]ma}w}.kQw],lgc]:miBw]:hQt];pk];piBc]kYam];An]nibc]:nn].yB,yw]."
tgn]:ma}'8'
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tgn]:ma}'9'
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Kgn],'Am],nn]'Kgn],kun],Kw]:Agk],miBc];mQw];lG]ekL:'etAm],l}:kQp];niBw]kbn],An]es:miBc];eSmiBc];miBc];hQt];SBc],Agk],nn]."
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pbk]:lik]:ma}'2'
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mn];tk];etl}:mI;AL,nL,'lBv]:El:sgm];'tac];wBn].K}:sG]Aik],kac]sG]hn]lIlBv]:lbm];tqn];Pgc];wBn]pn]'pbn]:tL,hQt];lik]:hBw]ma}tc];la}nn].'An]n}.tm];ma}pn]w}.hG]:l}:pQn]An]tac];nm]Kbn]tqn];Pgc];wBn]Kw]Sam]pbn]:Sgc]pbn]:siBw];mL;Kibn]:lbm];Kw]hn]lBv]:miBn]kn]sgm];nn].yB,yw]."eSEl:Aik],mn];etliBk]:sibw]:tac],Kibn]:pn]mL;'lBv]:El:sgm];'tac];wBn].K}:sG]Aik],kac]sG]hn]lIlBv]:lbm];tqn];Pgc];wBn]pn]nn].eS'etliBk]:pn]pbn]:Pgn];nL:kan]Pgc];tac]miBc];Kw]El:Sc]'Pgc];miBc];kgn];kan]kUn];mUic];Kw]tac],ekL.sUiw];nn].El:Kbn]Kgn],SI;lL;Kw]nn].El:Sc]'Kbn]Tt];Sin]nc]:lbm];Tt];Sin]sik];sgm]cw]:sibc]:'El:PB:mI;sn].Kbn]lbm];mBic];Pgm].hBm]:tac];la}siBw];nn].El:Sc]'Kun]siBw];Am],p},l}:mI;la};liBk]:pn]pbn]:Pgn];tL,Kw]w}.sQm]puic];mn];nn].El:'siBw];An]tk];etl}:Et,tc]:pn]lBv]:nG];pk];piBc]nn].yB,yw]."kBv];kL:'kgn],krqt].S]n}.'etsac]:Aic]lBv]:pk];piBc]eS'etAap]:pbn]:Pgn];Kbn]lbm];tG]:tL,lum];sL.siBw];mgk],Enw}.nn].pn]'sgm];nc],Kw]Tac],wL:mn];Sc]Tbk],nn].eSel:'hG]:pQn]pbn]:tL,nG];lbm];sgm]sibc]:eKLeKLkUv];El:Sc]'tL,nG];lbm];Tt];Sin]Pa},pk];piBc]Kw]El:Sc]'Am],nn]ekL:'tL,nG];Kbn]kgn];hgc]:kan]Kw]El:Sc]'sUiw];n}.yB,yw]."
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tgn]:ma}'3'
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tgn]:ma}'4'
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tgn]:ma}'2'
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lgc]:sqt]:Tt];Sin]tac];Pit];rL,swBt]:tc];SQc]:nn].'pqc],liBw]eSAmbsI.En;lgc]:Am],tm];sG]Kbn]nn].n}.'tk];etl}:sqt]:Tt];pL:nL:Kbn]sg}:Tt];kYO,rI,'eSEl:'lgc]:sqt]:Tt];Sin]mQw];nn].n}.tk];etlUw],Aw]hQt];nG];es:miBc];tI:tac];Pit];rL,wUt]:nn].l}:pQn]'kBv];kL:Sc]siBw].wL:'mUiw]:mn];Am],sG]:An]l}:pQn]nG];es:miBc];miBc];nibc]:nn].eSmUic];epL;wL:n}suic]'lgc]:sqt]:Tt];Sin]n}.tk];etl}:pQn]Agc]:tI:mn];pQn]nn].yw].'Am],nn]ekL:'tI:la}la}Agc]:tI:sgm];nc],An]kgn]krqt].S]hQt];pk];piBc]eSEn.nam];pn]w}.nn].yU,yw]."
tgn]:ma}'3'
lgc]:lbk].Pibn].sibc]:miBc];miBc];Pgm].hbm]:n}n}.'tk];etKw]:pL;mQw];An]sbSibk];tibk];San]Kt];Kw]Kibn];nn].kBv];'Am],nn]'An]kGL,sp];sgm];hgm];p}lBv]:PB:KQn]Kw]nn].'An]pn]tac];km].sg}:El:pn]Kw]Sak]:SL,sG]nn]."kBn];ekL.lG]ekL:tk];etAm],l}:Kam],vL;tam],An]lbk].Pibn].sibc]:miBc];nn].'Sc]siBw].wL:Am],mI;An]kUn];Sak]:eS,Sgc]ekL.Kam],Sak]:eS,lgc]:tac];hQt];An]sqc]:lqc];miBn]kn]lIlIw}.nn].'Am],nn]ekL:'Aic]niBw]An]mn];ygm];yibn]tac];Pit];nG];lbm];Tt];Sin]pibt],PiBv]nn]."
kgn],krqt].S]n}.tk];etmI;AL,nL,tL,pibn]Paw],lgc]:pn]tam],An]lbk].Pibn].sibc]:miBc];nn].yB,yw].'kBv];kL:'ekL.Kam],tam],nk];rL,swBt]:El:Sbm];Sbn],SI;l]wI;ygn].lbk].Pibn].sibc]:miBc];nn].n}.'etAm],p},l}:Sbm];An]pbt]:AmBv],Pqn],lin]'Am],nn]ekL:'Aw]pQn]An]eyL,nn].lU;kgn],'pqc],lUiw]eSPgc];mUiw]:ASak]:PwkBn];ekL.nn].l}:tac];En;pn]tam],luk].Puim].suic]:mUic];yw].'n}nn]."
pbk]:lik]:ma}'4'
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tgn]:ma}'2'
kBn];sibc]:miBc];nG];es:miBc];lG]es:miBc];nn].Kw]n}.'tk];TiBk]:l}:hp].mI;AKGac].lIl}:lgt]:'El:l}:kac];lgt]:An]Aw]Aey;niBw]kBn];sibc]:miBc];nn].'tI:nG];la}la}es:miBc];Kw]nn].nc],kn]tc];mUt];yByw]."
kBn];ekL.l}:Kam],es:miBc];eSmiBc];miBc];sg};Ambw}.kQw],lgc]:'lbk].Pibn].sibc]:miBc];'Pit];rL,swBt]:tam],nk];'Am],nn]tac];Pit];rL,swBt]:tac],An]nn].'eSyw].El:pa}:lgc]:JtL;PQc],pQc];'eSl}:kGL,TUp];hn]mI;yB,nG];tac],es:miBc];w}.nn].epL;n}'sgm];lBv]:eKL:tbk];ygn];sUiw];pQn]PU:mI;AL,nL,es:miBc];An]mn];Agk],pa}:mL;nn].eS'etl}:Kam],Aw]SBc],pn]Tibc]nc],nn]'etl}:Kam],Aw]Ka}.kGL,tI:es:miBc];An]mI;AL,nL,Pgc];cm];Tt];Sin]niBw]tac];Pit];rL,swBt]:An]nn].'nn].yB,yw]."
Am],mI;kBn];ekL.lG]An]hap],Tam];kan]'Am],nn]'hQt];kan]nG];es:miBc];miBc];nibc]:'mqn]:sgm];pk];piBc]es:miBc];nn].w}.yB,eS'pa}:Kw]:kGL,yU,nG];tac],es:miBc];w}.nn].'tk];et'kgp]:tam],ygn].pk];piBc]eSAn]An]El:piBc]mI:tI:nn]nn].eSyw].'Am],hG]:l}:pBt];kan]An]mn];hap],Tam];'Am],nn]'hQt];kan]nn].pqt]:'kUv];kL:'tk];etl}:Kam],Aw]SBc],pn]'sgm];An]kBn];ekL.sap]:lBv]:nn].yibn]:ygn];mL;'nc],mn];ettUk];mqn]:An]mn];hap],Tam];El:hQt];kan]'nn].yw]."
tgn]:ma}'3'
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kgn],krqt].S]n}.tk];etmI;AL,nL,tL,Aw]nim]ngn];hBn];'eSEl:hQt];Agk],m}mI:El:piBc]mI:tac];la}kL:nc],An]lBw],'tL,hG]:pQn]An]np].ym]kbm];Tic];nL:tI:Pqn],lin]'Am],nn]'KBw];Kgc]tac],sUiw].tac],mQt];An]sibc]:miBc];Pgm].hBm]:piBc],nn].'eSyw].El:'Am],mI;An]lG]tI:nG];piBc]mI:Kgt],Pgt]:wan]:miBc];n}.'etpQn]An]pibt],EpSac];lac];pn]pQn]nc],'tL,yL.lbtbm].tiBw].An]miBc];Pgm].hBm]:tac],ygn];tL,l}:'Am],nn]'An]es:miBc];kQw],Kgc]:eSmiBc];miBc];tac],ygn];tL,l}:'sUiw];nn].Sc]lL;lL;"
tgn]:ma}'4'
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U.S. National Archives &
Records Administration
8601
Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001, *1-86-NARA-NARA * 1-866-272-6272
page 9 of 9
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ekL.pin],tqm]:Pa},t};'
sa};Agc],mat]:TI;Km];
niw];ygk].' fUn];'718-409-6941
lUin]kYn]nGL,rI,wn];Ti18'pI2013'
niw];ygk].' fUn];'718-409-6941
lUin]kYn]nGL,rI,wn];Ti18'pI2013'
Translated by:
Saiaung M Teekham, New York, Phone: 718-409-6941, January 18, 2013,
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Constitution of the United States
The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription
Note: The
following text is a transcription of the Constitution in its original
form.
Items that are hyperlinked have since been amended or superseded.
Items that are hyperlinked have since been amended or superseded.
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a
more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for
the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of
Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this
Constitution for the United States of America.
Article. I.
Section. 1.
All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested
in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House
of Representatives.
Section. 2.
The House of Representatives shall be composed of
Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the
Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of
the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.
No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have
attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the
United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State
in which he shall be chosen.
Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among
the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their
respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of
free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and
excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The
actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of
the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten
Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of
Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State
shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be
made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three,
Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut
five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland
six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
When vacancies happen in the Representation from any
State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill
such Vacancies.
The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker
and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.
Section. 3.
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of
two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six Years; and each Senator shall have
one Vote.
Immediately after they shall be assembled in
Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be
into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be
vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the
Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the
sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or
otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive
thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature,
which shall then fill such Vacancies.
No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have
attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the
United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State
for which he shall be chosen.
The Vice President of the United States shall be
President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally
divided.
The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also
a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall
exercise the Office of President of the United States.
The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all
Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or
Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief
Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence
of two thirds of the Members present.
Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend
further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any
Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party
convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial,
Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.
Section. 4.
The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for
Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the
Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such
Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every
Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.
Section. 5.
Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections,
Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall
constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day
to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in
such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.
Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings,
punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two
thirds, expel a Member.
Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings,
and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their
Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House
on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered
on the Journal.
Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall,
without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any
other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
Section. 6.
The Senators and Representatives shall receive a
Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the
Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony
and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at
the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the
same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be
questioned in any other Place.
No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time
for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority
of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof
shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office
under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his
Continuance in Office.
Section. 7.
All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the
House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments
as on other Bills.
Every Bill which shall have passed the House of
Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to
the President of the United States: If he approve he shall sign it, but if not
he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have
originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and
proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that
House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the
Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and
if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such
Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the
Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the
Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the
President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented
to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless
the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall
not be a Law.
Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the
Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except
on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United
States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or
being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and
House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in
the Case of a Bill.
Section. 8.
The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect
Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common
Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and
Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among
the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and
uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of
foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the
Securities and current Coin of the United States;
To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by
securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to
their respective Writings and Discoveries;
To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed
on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;
To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal,
and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of
Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
To provide and maintain a Navy;
To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the
land and naval Forces;
To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute
the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining,
the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the
Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the
Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia
according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases
whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by
Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat
of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all
Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the
Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other
needful Buildings;--And
To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper
for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested
by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any
Department or Officer thereof.
Section. 9.
The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of
the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by
the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax
or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each
Person.
The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not
be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety
may require it.
No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be
passed.
No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or
enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from
any State.
No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of
Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another; nor shall
Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties
in another.
No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in
Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account
of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from
time to time.
No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United
States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall,
without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office,
or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.
Section. 10.
No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or
Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of
Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts;
pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation
of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.
No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress,
lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely
necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties
and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of
the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the
Revision and Controul of the Congress.
No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay
any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into
any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage
in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit
of delay.
Article. II.
Section. 1.
The executive Power shall be vested in a President of
the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four
Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be
elected, as follows:
Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the
Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number
of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the
Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of
Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.
The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the
Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be
the same throughout the United States.
No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen
of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall
be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to
that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and
been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.
The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his
Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished
during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not
receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any
of them.
Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he
shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or
affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United
States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the
Constitution of the United States."
Section. 2.
The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army
and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when
called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the
Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive
Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective
Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences
against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.
He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and
Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators
present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent
of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls,
Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose
Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be
established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such
inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of
Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
The President shall have Power to fill up all
Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting
Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.
Section. 3.
He shall from time to time give to the Congress
Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration
such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on
extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of
Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may
adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive
Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be
faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United
States.
Section. 4.
The President, Vice President and all civil Officers
of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and
Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
Article III.
Section. 1.
The judicial Power of the United States shall be
vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may
from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and
inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at
stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation, which shall not be
diminished during their Continuance in Office.
Section. 2.
The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law
and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and
Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;--to all Cases
affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;--to all Cases of
admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;--to Controversies to which the United
States shall be a Party;--to Controversies between two or more States;-- between a State and Citizens of another
State,--between Citizens of different
States,--between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of
different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign
States, Citizens or Subjects.
In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public
Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme
Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before
mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law
and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress
shall make.
The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of
Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where
the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any
State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law
have directed.
Section. 3.
Treason against the United States, shall consist only
in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid
and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of
two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.
The Congress shall have Power to declare the
Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood,
or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.
Article. IV.
Section. 1.
Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to
the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And
the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts,
Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.
Section. 2.
The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.
A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or
other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall
on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be
delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.
Section. 3.
New States may be admitted by the Congress into this
Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of
any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States,
or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States
concerned as well as of the Congress.
The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make
all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property
belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so
construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular
State.
Section. 4.
The United States shall guarantee to every State in
this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them
against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive
(when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic Violence.
Article. V.
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall
deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call
a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to
all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the
Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three
fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed
by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year
One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and
fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State,
without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.
Article. VI.
All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into,
before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United
States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States
which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall
be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of
the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in
the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and
the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial
Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound
by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test
shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under
the United States.
Article. VII.
The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States,
shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the
States so ratifying the Same.
The Word, "the," being interlined between
the seventh and eighth Lines of the first Page, the Word "Thirty"
being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page, The
Words "is tried" being interlined between the thirty second and
thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word "the" being
interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page.
Attest William Jackson Secretary
done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the
States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one
thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independance of the United
States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed
our Names,
G°. Washington
Presidt and deputy from Virginia
Presidt and deputy from Virginia
Pennsylvania
B Franklin
Thomas Mifflin
Robt. Morris
Geo. Clymer
Thos. FitzSimons
Jared Ingersoll
James Wilson
Gouv Morris
B Franklin
Thomas Mifflin
Robt. Morris
Geo. Clymer
Thos. FitzSimons
Jared Ingersoll
James Wilson
Gouv Morris
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