Gold & Gold Mining - general knowledge-01

Km];El:lgc]:Kut];Km];'

·       suiw]:' Pa},Aqc];klQt](Gold)' Pac]hac]:mat]:ma}PU:lUc].lqn],Kw]hgc].(eA,yU,- Au,)'

Km];'(Km];lIsqt]:sqt]:n}.pQn]SIliUc]lqc]'Km];elL;tgc];nm]n}.SImn];lqc]hqc];'Km];elL;ciun]nm]n}.liUc]KG]:KQw]Ait];Ait];Am],nn]liUc]PiUk],')[Pac]hac]:mat]:ma}(Gold - symbol Au){

·       hac]:Pac]el:nm].Km];'

-Km];tqc]:'Km];kgn]:'Km];Kqp];(Kqp];niuc]:Agc],s(Ounce)'ciun];mQt].Km];'"

-la};tUv];nm].Km];'An]miUc];lum]:fL.Kw]np].Sgn],n}.'Aw]EK;rt].(Carat, or Karat, K)np].' Kam].vam].EK;rt].tqm],"

Km];lIn}.mk];ma}wL:mI;nm].24EK;rt].(24k.)(pure gold is designated as 24k.)yw]."

·       kL:Kn]' Kn]Kiun]:Kn]lUc];Kaw];lG]?

-Kn]Km];El:Kn]cuin];mUk];Stgk].(stocks)n}.'km]:pL:nm]k}.pin]:PUn]kn]'epL;Kn]Km];Kiun]:n}'Kn]Stgk].tUk];'epL;Kn] Km];tUk];Kn]Stgk].Kiun]:"(ciun];kiw],(Silver)n}.ekL:Kn]Kiun]:Kn]lUc];mn];pQn]miUn]nc],Kn]Km];')

-mUiw]:him];hgm];pI1980n}.Kn]Km];lUc];tqm],nL,'niuc]:Agc],sn}.ciun];yUAqt].S]252.90etL,lL,kUv];($252.90/oz)'Tiuc] mL;miUw]:pI2009n}.Kn]Km];Kiun];Kiun]:mL;el:'niuc]:Agc],sn}.Tiuc]ciun];yUAqt].S]1200etL,lL,yw].eS'yam];etL:lQw]nG];pI2012lUin]kYon],n}.Kn]Km];niuc]:Agc],sn}.Siuw].Ka}kn]mgk]:him];cuin];yUAqt].S]1600etL,lL,($1600/oz)yU,yw]." l}:hU.wL:nG];lgk];kat],kL.Ka}Km];n}.mI;lgc]:tuk];ygn];tUiw];nm](Demands increased)tik];tik];' El:Aik],Tqc]:Pa},niuc]: n}.ygn].cuin];etL,lL,yUAqt].S]n}.hqn];AUn]:Agn],mL;nn].wL:n}yw]."Sm].Tqc]:ygn].sum];miUc];yU;rUp].Kw](European Union debt crisis)Tuk]:nI:mI;nI:nm]eSAm],tqn];l}:nn].El:'Km];n}.l}:pQn]mL;Kgc]tL,tqn];nI:An]hUm],lUm]:tm];sG](a safe asset)nn].mL;El:Et,Aw]nG];lUin]mat].KY']pI2011mL;n}.Kn]Km];Kiun]:yU,tL,eS(all-time high)w}.yw]." Aic]nUiw] kUn];Puk],Pac]Alac];(investors)Kw]wL:n}.Et.'ygn].pUiw]:miUc];Afrikpgt];hgc],'El:mUic];wn];Agk],pgt];kac]Kw]Am],nim]Sw];(unrest)nn].wL:n}yw]."wn];miUw]:lQw]n}.Et.mI;An]lam];wL:'lgk];kat],mIn}.Sut];yw].(Bear Market has ended)eS' wa},Kiun];mL;nG];lgk];kat],wUw];yw].(Bull Market has returned)wL:n}yw]:"

·       miUc];lG]Siuw]./Ka}nm]liUw]piUn]:'

-liun];Sut];Aw]SQn]:Sa}ma}pI2011wL:n}.'miUc];An]SGac];Km];Kw]:miUc];(Import)nm]Sut];eSpUin]:km]:Pgc]:n}.' Ti1.yU;rUp].(EU)' 2.AEm,rikn],(US)' 3.miUc];EK,(China)' 4.kYOiw],mnI,(Germny)' 5.kYpn],(Japan)' 6.frqn],(France)' 7.miUc];Aqc];klqt]:(UK)'

-mUic];An]kUn];hiUn];Kw]yip];tiuw];kqw]:Sqc]ciun];Km];nm]liUc]pUin]:n}.l}:hn]mI;nc],tI:tG]:n}.(n}.pQn]An]nm].Aan],hUw] tan],mn];w}.)"Gold jewelry consumption by country (in tonnes).

Country                                                2010                       2009                       % Change

India                                              745.70                   442.37                   +69

Greater China                                       428.00                   376.96                   +14

United States                                128.61                   150.28                   −14

 Turkey                                           74.07                      75.16                      −1

 Saudi Arabia                                72.95                      77.75                      −6

Russia                                            67.50                      60.12                      +12

United Arab Emirates                 63.37                      67.60                      −6

Egypt                                             53.43                      56.68                      −6

Indonesia                                      32.75                      41.00                      −20

United Kingdom                          27.35                      31.75                      −14

Japan                                             18.50                      21.85                      −15

South Korea                                                 15.87                      18.83                      −16

Vietnam                                        14.36                      15.08                      −5

Thailand                                       6.28                        7.33                        −14

·       Aw]sG].yip];tiuw];tI:lG]la}la}'(Applications)

-An]kUn];miUc];lum]:fL.yip].tiuw];(Consumption)Km];n}.l}:hU.wL:'

Aw]hQt];pQn]kqw]:Sqc]ciun];Km];KUw];hg}:KUw];tiuiw];50%(50% in jewelry)' Aw]hQt];pQn]An]Puk],Pac]Alac];w}.40%(40% in investments)'

Aw]yip];sG].tiuw];nG];hUc];kan]hQt];Kgc]10%(10% in industry)'

-Km];n}.pQn]KUw];Kgc]An]lqk]:pin],kn]tc];ciun];sG].sa},nG];miUc];luk]:fL.kU:miUc];mUic];nn].yw]."

-Km];n}.pQn]An]Aw]'   1.'lqk]:kB;kn]tc];ciun];es:'(Monetary Exchange,)' [ciun];mQt].Km];' ciun];es:'{

              2.'Puk],Pac]Alac];'(Investments,)' [mI;w}.Sim];w}.Km];tqc]:/cuin];mQt].Km];' pun]:tL,etEK

  l}:mUiw]:ciun];Ain]fel;SYin];El:pa};mak],mI;yuc]:nn].'{

3.'kqw]:Sqc]ciun];Km];KUw]:hg}:KUw];tiuw];'(Jewelry)' [Kqp];eKL;'Sa}eKL;'tUc],hU'pIhU'mgc];kUv];'wqn]'{

4.'hQt];yL:yL'(Medicine,)'[yLerL;kL,sQp];mUv]:kG]:sgm];lup],kp];lup],etL,'erL;kL,kin],sL,'{

5.'sG].tI:Kw]:nm].tac];kin]kU:mQw];'(Food and drink,)'[kin]Km];tQk];'mun]:Km];n}.Kqm].tL,yU,lI'{

6.'sG].tI:hUc];kan]hQt];Kgc]'(Industry,)' [hQt];m}Km];eSTUw];hQt];mgk],hQt];mG]'{

7.'sG].tI:KiUc]:f};fL.'(Electronics,)' [KiUc]:TI;wI;'Kgm];'hUiw];min]kYqt].'KUic]:min]Kuin]:SpQt].'{

8.'sG].tI:KUw];Kqm];mit].SJTI,tL,kL.Ka}'(Commercial chemistry,)'

  [s}yn}.Km];(Gold cyanide)'KlUw];r}.Km];(Gold chloride)'{

·       mUic];Agk],Km];nm]' Km];n}.epL,pQn]mI;mL;w}.(Occurrence)sUic].hiuw]' Eh:Km];(Gold Ores)'

-mUiw]:Sut];pI2009n}.l}:hU.wL:Km];An]Kut];l}:w}.nG];km],PL,n}.tc];SQc]:mI;mgk]:'165,000tn],yw].n}"nG];nn].mgk]: 50%n}.l}:mL:tI:emLKm];miUc];Afrikpgt];san];"mUic];sUiw];An]Agk],Km];nm]km]:Pgc]:n}.pQn]'miUc];AEm,rin],(U.S.)'miUw];eAL;SeJT;liy(Australia)'mUic];rL;SYL;(Russia)'El:miUc];prU;(Peru)'mUic];EK,(China)'sUiw];n}."

-Eh:Km];"

put];Eh:Km];'mI;nm].nk];860kIlUw],'sac],Agc],l}:Km];30krm],'(Kut];l}:tI:!emL,Tg};@'mUic];kYpn],')'Relative sizes of an 860 kg block of gold ore, and the 30 g of gold that can be extracted from it. Toi gold mine, Japan.

-Km];n}.sac]:mI;nG];Eh:mak],hin]"SPL,wmn];Km];n}.mI;nG];Eh:cuin];kgn]:lQw]kn]An]hgc].wL:(Alg};kgn]:Eh:Km];tc]; ciun];(a gold silver alloy)'An]mI;SIlUic]Km];tc];SIciun];eS'epL;mn];nk];n}pL;%Km]nm]'epL;mw]n}hUw]pak],(%)ciun];mI;nm]' mn];k}.pQn]mgk]:Km];mI;niuc]:pun]:eSciun];mI;Sgc]pun]:"

-Km];n}.sL,timn];pQn]mun]:Pgc]lQk].lQk].eS;eS;nL,eS'mIsgm];mak],hin]sic],hUk];nL:(Quartz)'mac]pgk]:pQn]Kqp];Agn],' mQt].Agn],w}.eKLeKLekL:mI;"mI;pgc];elL;kn]w}.tc];Eh:SPL,w' ciun];trU;rI;(Tellurium)' ciun];Krin];liUc]'(Krennerite)' lQk];lm](Petzite)' hin]man],lm](Nagyagite)' mL,kYO,rI,(Mercury)' siUw];n}."

Kut];Km];' Gold Mining

·         1.puin];' History

lgc]:Et,Kut];Km];n}.Am]mI;PG]hU.puin];mn];lIlI"kUv];kL:l}:hn]KUw];Kgc]kUn];yip];tiuw];'An]hiuc]eSpUin]:mUt];'tI:sUiw];nG];Tm]:nKUw];plit].(Varna Necropolis in Bulgaria)'nG];miUc];pUek;riynn].'Pgc];miUw]:nG];Ek:kgn],pIKrit]:(4700El: 4200kpK)El:'An]nn].mqp]:Enpn]wL:kan]Kut];Km];n}.lqp]:etEt,mL;sQm]miUw]:7000pIpa}pUn].mL;nn].'n}yw]."

mUiw]:pImUic];pan]tgc];(Bronze age,)n}.l}:hn]'KUic]:KUw];Km];tc];nm]mI;nG];miUc];SpQn],El:A}ayln],(in Ireland and Spain)w}.yw].yw]:"

nG];miUc];rUw];mn}.Kw]Aw]nm].Sit];Kut];Km];(hydraulic mining method)"mUiw]:nG];pIKrit]:hUw]pak],pIAgn]tac];Sut];nn].' Kun]miUc];rUw];mKw]Kw]:Sim];miuc];RpitiSYEl:'nG];mUic];Aqc];klQt]:'tI:nG];Es:tgn]:wUv];lpgt];tUk];n}.l}:hn]mI;emL,Kut];Km];rUw];mKw]w}.An]niuc]:'(Roman gold mine at Dolaucothi in west Wales)yU,yw]."

Tuc];sam],hLKut];Km];tI:n}.tc]:Et,mI;mL;sQm]miUw]:hUw]hQc]pITiniuc]:kgn],pIKrit]:nn].wL:n}yw].(The tradition of mining gold started at least as early as the first millennium B.C.)"

·         2.la};Kut];' Methods

k. hgn]:Aw]'(Panning)

la};hgn]:Aw]Km];n}.ca}:eSpUin]:'El:pqn]la};El,hLhgn]:Sa};nG];hgc]:'nG];nm].tI:An]Km];El:Eh:Km];Kw]sac]:l}lgc]:mL;sgm];sgm];nm].eSngn];hUn];w}.nn].yw]."kap]:pan]miUw]:lQw]n}.An]Aw]sak]:lUc]eShgn]:Aw]'epL;pQn]kan]pQn]can];kL.Ka}llInn].ekL:'mI;nm]yU,Et.yw]."

K. pg},nm].lgc]:Aw]'(Sluicing)

c. lut],Aw]'(Dredging)

kap]:pan]mG],mUiUw]:lQw]kUn];yip];la};n}.nm]"mI;sak]:Agn],tac],hUiw];Agn],PU;w}.niUw]nm].eSlut],Aw]Sa};piun].nm].nn].kUn];Sgc]ekL.kUv];ekL:ep.tUw]tL,sak]:niuc]:lc]nn].yw]."sak]:lut],sL.lQk].(Smaller suction dredges)n}.'tUiw];mI;AkYOw];' lut],l}:Km];nm]lUiw]sak]:lut],lUc]An]kUn];kL.lUc]Kw]yip];nn].wL:n}yw]."kgp]:wL:mn];Ka}.ca}:kGL,ca}:El:mI;Sun]hLhn]Eh:Km];nm]'la}la}tI:nn]."sak]:lut],sL.lQk].n}.pQn]' [Smaller dredges with 2-to-4-inch (51 to 100 mm) suction tubes{" lUc]pgc]siuc];n}.mk];ma}w}.nL:tI:Kut];Km];Aw]sak]:lut]Aw]'n}eShQt];Agk],Kqk];mG]pL,mit].pn]kUn];Kut];Km];Kw]"mUin]nc],nG];mUic];AEm,rikn}.'lUc]pgc]suic]:es:miUc];(State government)ekL.hQt];Agk],pL,mQt].emLlut],Aw]'(State dredging ermits)nn].yw]."

s. tUik]:hgn]:hin]'(Rocker box)

tUik]:hgn]:hin]'An]hgc].wL:'Ker;Et,l](cradle)n}ekL:wL:n}.'yip];tiuw];tI:nG];nm].Kw],ygk]:kGL,ygk],mL;'hG]:mak],hin]kic]:tUk];eSAw]Eh:Km];'ca};nc],la};pg},nm].lgc]:eSAw]Eh:Km];nn].yw]."kUv];la};n}.n}.'sac]:pQn]kan]l};tI:mI;nm].eA,nn].yw]."An]Kw],ygk]:kGL,ygk]:mL;nn].'hQt];hG]:nm].n}.sac]:pQn]hqc];ngc],sn]Suk]:Aw]Km];Pat],EPkn]tc];Sa};hin]plL;sL,nn].pqt]:yw]."

S. Kut];Km];nG];hin]kqn],'(Hard rock mining)

nG];miUc];AEm,rikn}.mI;emL,Kut];lUc];mUin]luk];lUc](ope-pit gold mining,)'An]yG],eSl}:Km];nm]nL,n}.mI;nG];es:mUic];AL, lSkL,(Alaska)El:es:miUc];nwL;tL,"An]Kut];sUc]Kw]:piun].hin]lUc]kGL,(underground mining )n}.'tI:nG];mUic];Afrik pgt];san];nn].'luik].eSpUin]:mUt];nG];lum]:fL.n}.eS'tac];luik].mn];n}.mI;mgk]:'3900mI,tL,(12,800ep,)wL:n}yw]."epL;luik].tan],nn].n}.kUn];hQt];kan]Kw]Am],tam],lUm];m}:nG];lin]nn].l}:"K}:sG]tL,lgc]:hUm],lUm]:lgt]:eP;pun]:kUn];hQt];kan]Kw]eS'l}:w}.sak]:EAY;Kgn];'(Air condition)w}.pn]yU,yw]."

v. Kut];Km];l}:tI:KUw];Kgc]Agk],sgm];kn]'(Byproduct gold mining)(Kut];Km];pa},prUw]tk].')

Km];n}.sac]:Kut];l}:sgm];emL,tgc];'emL,ciun];sUiw];n}.nc],kaw],"miUn]nc],emLtgc];lUc]tI:es:miUc];yuT'nG];mUic];AEm,riknn].El:Sc]'An]pQn]emL,Kut];Km];lUc]El:Agk],Km];nm]eSpUin]:mUt];nG];km],PL,'An]mI;nG];miUc];Ain]tUw]nI;SYL;'tI:es:tgn]:pLpUwL,nn].'mUiw]:Et,cw]:mn];n}.pQn]emLtgc];kUv];"

·         3.Kk].tgn]:kan]hgn]:Eh:Km];' Gold ore processing

Kk].tgn]:Aw]s}yn}.tiKm];'(Cyanide processes)

!la};Aw]s},yn}.tiKm];'@(Gold cyanidation)n}.yip];tiuw];tI:An]tL,Aw]Km];mI;nG];hin]nn]." Ait],mak],hin]Eh:Km]; Eh:ciun];siUw];nn].pQn]Pgc]yw].eS'Aw]nm].s},yn}.Tgk],SG],hG]:l}:mL;s},yn}.Km];El:nm].s},yn}.ciun];nn]."suiw]:nm].EK;mI;nn].hgc].wL:nm].SUw],tIym]s},yn}.'(Sodium cyanide solution)n}yw]."mUiw];Aw]nm].s},yn}.hUt];SG],nG];Pgc]Eh: hin]nn].'tL,etKL:Agk],pqt]:(precipitation)hQk],An]mI;sgm];Km];tc];ciun];nn].'l}:Aw]hQk],pg},SG],elL;kGL,'l}:Aw]nm].SL,lfYLrik].Aqt].Sit].nn].mL;kin]eSAw]hQk],sUiw];nn].Agk],pqt]:"

Aw]kL,pun],pg},SG],nG];nm].An]pL;ciun];pL;Km];nn].eS'hG]:kL,pun],n}.sup],Aw]Km];nn].w}."epL;yw].n}'Aw]nm].kgt].Stik].eSL,tL,El:nm].s},yn}.An]hqc];hqc];nn].EPAw]Km];An]mI;nG];kL,pun],nn].'n}yw]."(lqp]:KG]:mUin]kn]tc];kUn];Kut];Km];tpQk].kYin];'tUic];mn];tel;Kw]Ait],mak],hin]Eh:pQn]Pgc]yw].eSAw]SG],nG];ngc]Aut],pg},nm].hUt];lUc];eSl}kGL,Kiun];sup],Aw]nm].mL;hUt];SG],Tqc]:pn],tUc],hQt];nn]tik];tik];nn].'pQn]la};kw],kw],miUw]:kgn],An]Aw]s},yn}.tiKm];nn].yw].)"

la};s},yn}.n}.'mQn]kYam];nL,nL,"la};n}.k}.yip];tuiw];tI:Kut];Agk],Eh:Km];'An]pL;Km];nm].Agn],(low grade gold)nn].kUv];"epL;hQt];la};n}.n}.'mn];mI;eP;Am],Ew:lgt]:l};An]ettum].tiUk].him];hgm];'(many environmental hazards)nn].nm]nL,nL,"An]pQn]eP;yG],nL,An]niuc]:n}.sm].'ygn].wL:s},yn}.n}.mI;kgc].hqc];nL,nn].yw]."tI:tqk]:mn];'mUiw]:nG];pI'2000nI:'tI:wQc];pLAiyEm;'nG];mUic];rUw],em;niynn].'ygn].pUiw]:nm].s}yn}.hUw]:Agk],mL;El:'l};tum].tUiw].nG];nL:tI:tac];kGac]:mgk]:100,000kYO;pik].mI,tL,(100,000cuic metres)nn].eS'nm].wUv],s},yn}.An]pL;nm].lQk];nk]; nLw}.tc];nk];mI;mgk]:122tn],(122 t)nn].'l}Kw]:nG];nm].hgc]:Tit].sL;nn].kGL,wL:n}yw]."

·         4.kan]kL.Ka}' Businesses

Km];n}.km]:nm]pQn]ekLpUw],er;SYin];lUc]'(Large corporation)Kw]ekL.Kut];Agk],' kUn];mI;Alac];yG],'SeT;'Kgm],pnI,lUc]' Kw]kL.Ka}"epL;tUv];Aw]nG];Sa}ma}nG];lgk];kat],Kk].tgn]:SG],ciun];tiun];(market capitalisation)miUw]:pI2008suic]'l}:hn]wL: Kgm],pnIlUc]'(Large corporation)hL:An]'(Barrick Gold, Goldcorp, Newmont Mining Corporation, Newcrest Mining, and AngloGold Ashanti)Kw]n}.pQn]'pQn]Kgm],pnI,Kut];Km];An]yG],eSpUin]:mUt];nG];km],PL,n}.n}yw]."

kUn];kL.Ka}lQk].ng}.(Small business operations)Kw]'kUn];hQt];kan]lgk];Kut];Km];Am],Kw]:KGac],pk];pUic](illegal gold mining) Kw]ekL:mI;nm]Et.nc],wL:yU,yw]."

·         5.AkYOw];SUn]San]pqk],pUic]:' Adverse effects

etL:nc],'etL.Et.yip];tuiw];s},yn}.eA,eA,tan],lUw],nn].kUv];n}ekL:'tI:An]l}:yip];tiuw];s},yn}.Agc],Aw]sqt]:Aw]Km];tI:Eh:Km];sUiw];nn].n}.'yc];tiuk].sac]:pQn]kgc].tL,kUn];miUc];tc];la}El:St];tUw],TiUn],Kw]nn].nL,nL,yw]."( Even relatively low concentrations of cyanide, which are used in the recovery of gold from ore, can be highly toxic to people and wildlife)

lgk];nUic];EnmUic];sUiw];yip];w}.mI;w}.Km];nm]lUiw]pUin]:nG];mUic];lum]:fL.

-----------------------------

kat],mI'(lgk];kat],mI;Sa}kL:Kn]KUw];tUk];Kaw];yaw];)  = Bear Market, -A long-term downtrend market,

kat],wUw];'(lgk];kat],mI;Sa}kL:Kn]KUw];Kiun]:)  = Bull Market,

kqw]:Sqc]cibn];Km];KUw];hg}:KUw];tuiw];' = Jewelry, articles of gold, silver, precious stones, etc. for personal adornment,

kgn]:K},Agn],' K},' (kgn]:K},Km];SPL,w)        = Nugget, (Gold nuggets)

kYIeAL;elL,kYI,'(Pa},pa};Sa}An]lQp]:hQn];piun].Kgp],nm].lqn]lin]')      = Geology,

KlUw];r}.Km];'(KUic]:Kqm];mit].Ek,l]pL;Km];)  = Gold chloride,

Km];' Km];tqc]:' (ciun];' ciun];kiw],')       = Gold, (Silver)

Km];'(Km];lIsqt]:sqt]:n}.pQn]SIliUc]lqc]'Km];elL;tgc];nm]n}.etlqc]hqc];'Km];elL;ciun]nm]n}.etliUc]KG]:KQw]Ait];Ait];Am],nn]liUc]PiUk]:')    = Gold, (Symbol Au),

KUw];hg}:KUw];tuiw];'                = Adornments,

EK;rt].' [Km];lIn}.mk];ma}wL:mI;nm].24EK;rt].=(24k.){ = Carat, [(K) pure gold is designated as 24k.]

ciun];Krqn];liUc]' (Eh:ciun];pQn]kgn]:SImn];hm].KG]:pL;Pa},lUic]kQn];cQn];w}.')  = Krennerite, One of the gold telluride group of minerals, (Au,Ag)Te₂; corresponds to the same general formula as sylvanite and calaverite. Silver-white to pale yellow color; sp gr, 8.35.

ciun];TlU;rI;mUn],'(Eh:cuin];SImUn],ca};miUn]siun];nG];mn];pL;Km];'ciun];El:tgc];') = Tellurium(Te), Sylvanite,

es:An]Aw]pin]pQn]Km];l}:'(tqk]:" cuin];es:')   = Gold-convertible paper instruments,

s}yn}.Km];'(KUic]:Kqm];mit].Ek,l]pL;Km];)[sG].tI:la};Aw]f};fL.tiAw]Km];'{  = Gold cyanide,

tqc]:Km];'           = Gold bar,(the world’s largest gold bar has a mass of 250kg. Toi museum, Japan)

pa};mak]:mI;yuc]:'                = Economic disruption,

mQt].Km];SPL,w'               = Gold grains,

lQk];lm]'(kgn]:Eh:mI;Sa}AQn]ciun];trU;rI;mUn],w}.) = Petzite, An isometric mineral, Ag₃AuTe₂; metallic; steel gray to iron black; massive; sp gr, 8.7 to 9.02; in gold-bearing telluride veins; may be a significant source of gold and silver.

lqk]:kB;kn]' (lqk]:kU;kn]tc];ciun];es:)'(tac];-/lgc]:-/An]-)'  = Exchange, (monetary exchange)

wn];Agk],pgt];kac]'(mUic];)[mUic];lip].piy'Afkn]niStn],'AI;kYip].'SUtn],'AiSer;'ekYL,tn],'lqp].pnn].'SI;rI;y'AI,rak].'AI,ran]'Sw]tI,Aer:piy'el:tc];miUc];nG];kun],ygn],Aer;piyn];Kw]km]:Pgc]:nn].{= Middle East, or Mideast, (loosely) the area from Libya E to Afghanistan, usually including Egypt, Sudan, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the other countries of the Arabian peninsula.

hin]man],lm]'(hin]SG]AUn]:Kqc]AUn]:Kqc]w}.eSSImn];lm]') = Nagyagite, a mineral of blackish lead-gray,

Eh:Km];' hin]Eh:Km];'            = Gold ore,

Go Further, Dream Bigger (— Joel & Victoria Osteen )

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Go Further, Dream Bigger TODAY’S SCRIPTURE “I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.” (Philippians 4:13, NKJV) TODAY’S WORD from Joel and Victoria Today, I want to remind you of what God says about you. No matter what’s happening in your life today, remember: you are not limited by your resources, your family or your background. Almighty God has equipped and empowered you. He has given you creativity, ideas, inventions, skills and talents. Don’t you dare settle for a mediocre life! Today, I call forth the seeds of greatness inside of you. Today, I declare that your best days are ahead. That you are going to go further than anyone in your family ever did; that you are going to dream bigger and live higher. I declare that you are a leader, an influencer, a minister of reconciliation. You are the fragrance of God to the nations. Before anyone put a curse on you, God Almighty put a blessing on you. Walk and live in that blessing by following His commands and staying fully committed to Him in everything you do! A PRAYER FOR TODAY Father, thank You for blessing me and calling me according to Your purposes. I receive Your Word which is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path. I will hide Your truth in my heart that I might not sin against You n Jesus’ name. Amen. — Joel & Victoria Osteen

Speak Vision (— Joel & Victoria Osteen )

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Speak Vision TODAY’S SCRIPTURE “The tongue has the power of life and death, and those who love it will eat its fruit.” (Proverbs 18:21, NIV) TODAY’S WORD from Joel and Victoria Every word you speak matters. Something you say may seem insignificant to you, but to someone else those words can be life changing. When you use your words to lift someone’s spirit and speak words of vision and life over them, you are depositing seeds that will last throughout eternity. It's especially important to speak vision into our children. As a parent, grandparent, aunt, uncle, teacher or friend, the children in your life need to hear on a regular basis that they can do something great with their lives. As parents, our words carry incredible weight. That’s why you should never put a child down. Don’t ever say, “You’re slow, clumsy or dumb. Why can’t you make good grades like your sister? Why can’t you hit the baseball like your cousin?” Those words are seeds. They can take root and affect that child many years later. Too many people have been crippled by low expectations. But today, all of that can change. Today, you can start to speak vision over yourself and over the people in your life. Today, you can call out the seeds of greatness in others and stir up the gift of God inside. Today, speak life, speak hope and speak vision! A PRAYER FOR TODAY Father, today I choose to speak life. I choose to speak hope. I choose to speak vision. Let me see the people in my life the way You see them. Let me see the potential You have placed in them so that I can call forth their seeds of greatness in Jesus’ name. Amen. — Joel & Victoria Osteen