Gold & Gold Mining - general knowledge-01

Km];El:lgc]:Kut];Km];'

·       suiw]:' Pa},Aqc];klQt](Gold)' Pac]hac]:mat]:ma}PU:lUc].lqn],Kw]hgc].(eA,yU,- Au,)'

Km];'(Km];lIsqt]:sqt]:n}.pQn]SIliUc]lqc]'Km];elL;tgc];nm]n}.SImn];lqc]hqc];'Km];elL;ciun]nm]n}.liUc]KG]:KQw]Ait];Ait];Am],nn]liUc]PiUk],')[Pac]hac]:mat]:ma}(Gold - symbol Au){

·       hac]:Pac]el:nm].Km];'

-Km];tqc]:'Km];kgn]:'Km];Kqp];(Kqp];niuc]:Agc],s(Ounce)'ciun];mQt].Km];'"

-la};tUv];nm].Km];'An]miUc];lum]:fL.Kw]np].Sgn],n}.'Aw]EK;rt].(Carat, or Karat, K)np].' Kam].vam].EK;rt].tqm],"

Km];lIn}.mk];ma}wL:mI;nm].24EK;rt].(24k.)(pure gold is designated as 24k.)yw]."

·       kL:Kn]' Kn]Kiun]:Kn]lUc];Kaw];lG]?

-Kn]Km];El:Kn]cuin];mUk];Stgk].(stocks)n}.'km]:pL:nm]k}.pin]:PUn]kn]'epL;Kn]Km];Kiun]:n}'Kn]Stgk].tUk];'epL;Kn] Km];tUk];Kn]Stgk].Kiun]:"(ciun];kiw],(Silver)n}.ekL:Kn]Kiun]:Kn]lUc];mn];pQn]miUn]nc],Kn]Km];')

-mUiw]:him];hgm];pI1980n}.Kn]Km];lUc];tqm],nL,'niuc]:Agc],sn}.ciun];yUAqt].S]252.90etL,lL,kUv];($252.90/oz)'Tiuc] mL;miUw]:pI2009n}.Kn]Km];Kiun];Kiun]:mL;el:'niuc]:Agc],sn}.Tiuc]ciun];yUAqt].S]1200etL,lL,yw].eS'yam];etL:lQw]nG];pI2012lUin]kYon],n}.Kn]Km];niuc]:Agc],sn}.Siuw].Ka}kn]mgk]:him];cuin];yUAqt].S]1600etL,lL,($1600/oz)yU,yw]." l}:hU.wL:nG];lgk];kat],kL.Ka}Km];n}.mI;lgc]:tuk];ygn];tUiw];nm](Demands increased)tik];tik];' El:Aik],Tqc]:Pa},niuc]: n}.ygn].cuin];etL,lL,yUAqt].S]n}.hqn];AUn]:Agn],mL;nn].wL:n}yw]."Sm].Tqc]:ygn].sum];miUc];yU;rUp].Kw](European Union debt crisis)Tuk]:nI:mI;nI:nm]eSAm],tqn];l}:nn].El:'Km];n}.l}:pQn]mL;Kgc]tL,tqn];nI:An]hUm],lUm]:tm];sG](a safe asset)nn].mL;El:Et,Aw]nG];lUin]mat].KY']pI2011mL;n}.Kn]Km];Kiun]:yU,tL,eS(all-time high)w}.yw]." Aic]nUiw] kUn];Puk],Pac]Alac];(investors)Kw]wL:n}.Et.'ygn].pUiw]:miUc];Afrikpgt];hgc],'El:mUic];wn];Agk],pgt];kac]Kw]Am],nim]Sw];(unrest)nn].wL:n}yw]."wn];miUw]:lQw]n}.Et.mI;An]lam];wL:'lgk];kat],mIn}.Sut];yw].(Bear Market has ended)eS' wa},Kiun];mL;nG];lgk];kat],wUw];yw].(Bull Market has returned)wL:n}yw]:"

·       miUc];lG]Siuw]./Ka}nm]liUw]piUn]:'

-liun];Sut];Aw]SQn]:Sa}ma}pI2011wL:n}.'miUc];An]SGac];Km];Kw]:miUc];(Import)nm]Sut];eSpUin]:km]:Pgc]:n}.' Ti1.yU;rUp].(EU)' 2.AEm,rikn],(US)' 3.miUc];EK,(China)' 4.kYOiw],mnI,(Germny)' 5.kYpn],(Japan)' 6.frqn],(France)' 7.miUc];Aqc];klqt]:(UK)'

-mUic];An]kUn];hiUn];Kw]yip];tiuw];kqw]:Sqc]ciun];Km];nm]liUc]pUin]:n}.l}:hn]mI;nc],tI:tG]:n}.(n}.pQn]An]nm].Aan],hUw] tan],mn];w}.)"Gold jewelry consumption by country (in tonnes).

Country                                                2010                       2009                       % Change

India                                              745.70                   442.37                   +69

Greater China                                       428.00                   376.96                   +14

United States                                128.61                   150.28                   −14

 Turkey                                           74.07                      75.16                      −1

 Saudi Arabia                                72.95                      77.75                      −6

Russia                                            67.50                      60.12                      +12

United Arab Emirates                 63.37                      67.60                      −6

Egypt                                             53.43                      56.68                      −6

Indonesia                                      32.75                      41.00                      −20

United Kingdom                          27.35                      31.75                      −14

Japan                                             18.50                      21.85                      −15

South Korea                                                 15.87                      18.83                      −16

Vietnam                                        14.36                      15.08                      −5

Thailand                                       6.28                        7.33                        −14

·       Aw]sG].yip];tiuw];tI:lG]la}la}'(Applications)

-An]kUn];miUc];lum]:fL.yip].tiuw];(Consumption)Km];n}.l}:hU.wL:'

Aw]hQt];pQn]kqw]:Sqc]ciun];Km];KUw];hg}:KUw];tiuiw];50%(50% in jewelry)' Aw]hQt];pQn]An]Puk],Pac]Alac];w}.40%(40% in investments)'

Aw]yip];sG].tiuw];nG];hUc];kan]hQt];Kgc]10%(10% in industry)'

-Km];n}.pQn]KUw];Kgc]An]lqk]:pin],kn]tc];ciun];sG].sa},nG];miUc];luk]:fL.kU:miUc];mUic];nn].yw]."

-Km];n}.pQn]An]Aw]'   1.'lqk]:kB;kn]tc];ciun];es:'(Monetary Exchange,)' [ciun];mQt].Km];' ciun];es:'{

              2.'Puk],Pac]Alac];'(Investments,)' [mI;w}.Sim];w}.Km];tqc]:/cuin];mQt].Km];' pun]:tL,etEK

  l}:mUiw]:ciun];Ain]fel;SYin];El:pa};mak],mI;yuc]:nn].'{

3.'kqw]:Sqc]ciun];Km];KUw]:hg}:KUw];tiuw];'(Jewelry)' [Kqp];eKL;'Sa}eKL;'tUc],hU'pIhU'mgc];kUv];'wqn]'{

4.'hQt];yL:yL'(Medicine,)'[yLerL;kL,sQp];mUv]:kG]:sgm];lup],kp];lup],etL,'erL;kL,kin],sL,'{

5.'sG].tI:Kw]:nm].tac];kin]kU:mQw];'(Food and drink,)'[kin]Km];tQk];'mun]:Km];n}.Kqm].tL,yU,lI'{

6.'sG].tI:hUc];kan]hQt];Kgc]'(Industry,)' [hQt];m}Km];eSTUw];hQt];mgk],hQt];mG]'{

7.'sG].tI:KiUc]:f};fL.'(Electronics,)' [KiUc]:TI;wI;'Kgm];'hUiw];min]kYqt].'KUic]:min]Kuin]:SpQt].'{

8.'sG].tI:KUw];Kqm];mit].SJTI,tL,kL.Ka}'(Commercial chemistry,)'

  [s}yn}.Km];(Gold cyanide)'KlUw];r}.Km];(Gold chloride)'{

·       mUic];Agk],Km];nm]' Km];n}.epL,pQn]mI;mL;w}.(Occurrence)sUic].hiuw]' Eh:Km];(Gold Ores)'

-mUiw]:Sut];pI2009n}.l}:hU.wL:Km];An]Kut];l}:w}.nG];km],PL,n}.tc];SQc]:mI;mgk]:'165,000tn],yw].n}"nG];nn].mgk]: 50%n}.l}:mL:tI:emLKm];miUc];Afrikpgt];san];"mUic];sUiw];An]Agk],Km];nm]km]:Pgc]:n}.pQn]'miUc];AEm,rin],(U.S.)'miUw];eAL;SeJT;liy(Australia)'mUic];rL;SYL;(Russia)'El:miUc];prU;(Peru)'mUic];EK,(China)'sUiw];n}."

-Eh:Km];"

put];Eh:Km];'mI;nm].nk];860kIlUw],'sac],Agc],l}:Km];30krm],'(Kut];l}:tI:!emL,Tg};@'mUic];kYpn],')'Relative sizes of an 860 kg block of gold ore, and the 30 g of gold that can be extracted from it. Toi gold mine, Japan.

-Km];n}.sac]:mI;nG];Eh:mak],hin]"SPL,wmn];Km];n}.mI;nG];Eh:cuin];kgn]:lQw]kn]An]hgc].wL:(Alg};kgn]:Eh:Km];tc]; ciun];(a gold silver alloy)'An]mI;SIlUic]Km];tc];SIciun];eS'epL;mn];nk];n}pL;%Km]nm]'epL;mw]n}hUw]pak],(%)ciun];mI;nm]' mn];k}.pQn]mgk]:Km];mI;niuc]:pun]:eSciun];mI;Sgc]pun]:"

-Km];n}.sL,timn];pQn]mun]:Pgc]lQk].lQk].eS;eS;nL,eS'mIsgm];mak],hin]sic],hUk];nL:(Quartz)'mac]pgk]:pQn]Kqp];Agn],' mQt].Agn],w}.eKLeKLekL:mI;"mI;pgc];elL;kn]w}.tc];Eh:SPL,w' ciun];trU;rI;(Tellurium)' ciun];Krin];liUc]'(Krennerite)' lQk];lm](Petzite)' hin]man],lm](Nagyagite)' mL,kYO,rI,(Mercury)' siUw];n}."

Kut];Km];' Gold Mining

·         1.puin];' History

lgc]:Et,Kut];Km];n}.Am]mI;PG]hU.puin];mn];lIlI"kUv];kL:l}:hn]KUw];Kgc]kUn];yip];tiuw];'An]hiuc]eSpUin]:mUt];'tI:sUiw];nG];Tm]:nKUw];plit].(Varna Necropolis in Bulgaria)'nG];miUc];pUek;riynn].'Pgc];miUw]:nG];Ek:kgn],pIKrit]:(4700El: 4200kpK)El:'An]nn].mqp]:Enpn]wL:kan]Kut];Km];n}.lqp]:etEt,mL;sQm]miUw]:7000pIpa}pUn].mL;nn].'n}yw]."

mUiw]:pImUic];pan]tgc];(Bronze age,)n}.l}:hn]'KUic]:KUw];Km];tc];nm]mI;nG];miUc];SpQn],El:A}ayln],(in Ireland and Spain)w}.yw].yw]:"

nG];miUc];rUw];mn}.Kw]Aw]nm].Sit];Kut];Km];(hydraulic mining method)"mUiw]:nG];pIKrit]:hUw]pak],pIAgn]tac];Sut];nn].' Kun]miUc];rUw];mKw]Kw]:Sim];miuc];RpitiSYEl:'nG];mUic];Aqc];klQt]:'tI:nG];Es:tgn]:wUv];lpgt];tUk];n}.l}:hn]mI;emL,Kut];Km];rUw];mKw]w}.An]niuc]:'(Roman gold mine at Dolaucothi in west Wales)yU,yw]."

Tuc];sam],hLKut];Km];tI:n}.tc]:Et,mI;mL;sQm]miUw]:hUw]hQc]pITiniuc]:kgn],pIKrit]:nn].wL:n}yw].(The tradition of mining gold started at least as early as the first millennium B.C.)"

·         2.la};Kut];' Methods

k. hgn]:Aw]'(Panning)

la};hgn]:Aw]Km];n}.ca}:eSpUin]:'El:pqn]la};El,hLhgn]:Sa};nG];hgc]:'nG];nm].tI:An]Km];El:Eh:Km];Kw]sac]:l}lgc]:mL;sgm];sgm];nm].eSngn];hUn];w}.nn].yw]."kap]:pan]miUw]:lQw]n}.An]Aw]sak]:lUc]eShgn]:Aw]'epL;pQn]kan]pQn]can];kL.Ka}llInn].ekL:'mI;nm]yU,Et.yw]."

K. pg},nm].lgc]:Aw]'(Sluicing)

c. lut],Aw]'(Dredging)

kap]:pan]mG],mUiUw]:lQw]kUn];yip];la};n}.nm]"mI;sak]:Agn],tac],hUiw];Agn],PU;w}.niUw]nm].eSlut],Aw]Sa};piun].nm].nn].kUn];Sgc]ekL.kUv];ekL:ep.tUw]tL,sak]:niuc]:lc]nn].yw]."sak]:lut],sL.lQk].(Smaller suction dredges)n}.'tUiw];mI;AkYOw];' lut],l}:Km];nm]lUiw]sak]:lut],lUc]An]kUn];kL.lUc]Kw]yip];nn].wL:n}yw]."kgp]:wL:mn];Ka}.ca}:kGL,ca}:El:mI;Sun]hLhn]Eh:Km];nm]'la}la}tI:nn]."sak]:lut],sL.lQk].n}.pQn]' [Smaller dredges with 2-to-4-inch (51 to 100 mm) suction tubes{" lUc]pgc]siuc];n}.mk];ma}w}.nL:tI:Kut];Km];Aw]sak]:lut]Aw]'n}eShQt];Agk],Kqk];mG]pL,mit].pn]kUn];Kut];Km];Kw]"mUin]nc],nG];mUic];AEm,rikn}.'lUc]pgc]suic]:es:miUc];(State government)ekL.hQt];Agk],pL,mQt].emLlut],Aw]'(State dredging ermits)nn].yw]."

s. tUik]:hgn]:hin]'(Rocker box)

tUik]:hgn]:hin]'An]hgc].wL:'Ker;Et,l](cradle)n}ekL:wL:n}.'yip];tiuw];tI:nG];nm].Kw],ygk]:kGL,ygk],mL;'hG]:mak],hin]kic]:tUk];eSAw]Eh:Km];'ca};nc],la};pg},nm].lgc]:eSAw]Eh:Km];nn].yw]."kUv];la};n}.n}.'sac]:pQn]kan]l};tI:mI;nm].eA,nn].yw]."An]Kw],ygk]:kGL,ygk]:mL;nn].'hQt];hG]:nm].n}.sac]:pQn]hqc];ngc],sn]Suk]:Aw]Km];Pat],EPkn]tc];Sa};hin]plL;sL,nn].pqt]:yw]."

S. Kut];Km];nG];hin]kqn],'(Hard rock mining)

nG];miUc];AEm,rikn}.mI;emL,Kut];lUc];mUin]luk];lUc](ope-pit gold mining,)'An]yG],eSl}:Km];nm]nL,n}.mI;nG];es:mUic];AL, lSkL,(Alaska)El:es:miUc];nwL;tL,"An]Kut];sUc]Kw]:piun].hin]lUc]kGL,(underground mining )n}.'tI:nG];mUic];Afrik pgt];san];nn].'luik].eSpUin]:mUt];nG];lum]:fL.n}.eS'tac];luik].mn];n}.mI;mgk]:'3900mI,tL,(12,800ep,)wL:n}yw]."epL;luik].tan],nn].n}.kUn];hQt];kan]Kw]Am],tam],lUm];m}:nG];lin]nn].l}:"K}:sG]tL,lgc]:hUm],lUm]:lgt]:eP;pun]:kUn];hQt];kan]Kw]eS'l}:w}.sak]:EAY;Kgn];'(Air condition)w}.pn]yU,yw]."

v. Kut];Km];l}:tI:KUw];Kgc]Agk],sgm];kn]'(Byproduct gold mining)(Kut];Km];pa},prUw]tk].')

Km];n}.sac]:Kut];l}:sgm];emL,tgc];'emL,ciun];sUiw];n}.nc],kaw],"miUn]nc],emLtgc];lUc]tI:es:miUc];yuT'nG];mUic];AEm,riknn].El:Sc]'An]pQn]emL,Kut];Km];lUc]El:Agk],Km];nm]eSpUin]:mUt];nG];km],PL,'An]mI;nG];miUc];Ain]tUw]nI;SYL;'tI:es:tgn]:pLpUwL,nn].'mUiw]:Et,cw]:mn];n}.pQn]emLtgc];kUv];"

·         3.Kk].tgn]:kan]hgn]:Eh:Km];' Gold ore processing

Kk].tgn]:Aw]s}yn}.tiKm];'(Cyanide processes)

!la};Aw]s},yn}.tiKm];'@(Gold cyanidation)n}.yip];tiuw];tI:An]tL,Aw]Km];mI;nG];hin]nn]." Ait],mak],hin]Eh:Km]; Eh:ciun];siUw];nn].pQn]Pgc]yw].eS'Aw]nm].s},yn}.Tgk],SG],hG]:l}:mL;s},yn}.Km];El:nm].s},yn}.ciun];nn]."suiw]:nm].EK;mI;nn].hgc].wL:nm].SUw],tIym]s},yn}.'(Sodium cyanide solution)n}yw]."mUiw];Aw]nm].s},yn}.hUt];SG],nG];Pgc]Eh: hin]nn].'tL,etKL:Agk],pqt]:(precipitation)hQk],An]mI;sgm];Km];tc];ciun];nn].'l}:Aw]hQk],pg},SG],elL;kGL,'l}:Aw]nm].SL,lfYLrik].Aqt].Sit].nn].mL;kin]eSAw]hQk],sUiw];nn].Agk],pqt]:"

Aw]kL,pun],pg},SG],nG];nm].An]pL;ciun];pL;Km];nn].eS'hG]:kL,pun],n}.sup],Aw]Km];nn].w}."epL;yw].n}'Aw]nm].kgt].Stik].eSL,tL,El:nm].s},yn}.An]hqc];hqc];nn].EPAw]Km];An]mI;nG];kL,pun],nn].'n}yw]."(lqp]:KG]:mUin]kn]tc];kUn];Kut];Km];tpQk].kYin];'tUic];mn];tel;Kw]Ait],mak],hin]Eh:pQn]Pgc]yw].eSAw]SG],nG];ngc]Aut],pg},nm].hUt];lUc];eSl}kGL,Kiun];sup],Aw]nm].mL;hUt];SG],Tqc]:pn],tUc],hQt];nn]tik];tik];nn].'pQn]la};kw],kw],miUw]:kgn],An]Aw]s},yn}.tiKm];nn].yw].)"

la};s},yn}.n}.'mQn]kYam];nL,nL,"la};n}.k}.yip];tuiw];tI:Kut];Agk],Eh:Km];'An]pL;Km];nm].Agn],(low grade gold)nn].kUv];"epL;hQt];la};n}.n}.'mn];mI;eP;Am],Ew:lgt]:l};An]ettum].tiUk].him];hgm];'(many environmental hazards)nn].nm]nL,nL,"An]pQn]eP;yG],nL,An]niuc]:n}.sm].'ygn].wL:s},yn}.n}.mI;kgc].hqc];nL,nn].yw]."tI:tqk]:mn];'mUiw]:nG];pI'2000nI:'tI:wQc];pLAiyEm;'nG];mUic];rUw],em;niynn].'ygn].pUiw]:nm].s}yn}.hUw]:Agk],mL;El:'l};tum].tUiw].nG];nL:tI:tac];kGac]:mgk]:100,000kYO;pik].mI,tL,(100,000cuic metres)nn].eS'nm].wUv],s},yn}.An]pL;nm].lQk];nk]; nLw}.tc];nk];mI;mgk]:122tn],(122 t)nn].'l}Kw]:nG];nm].hgc]:Tit].sL;nn].kGL,wL:n}yw]."

·         4.kan]kL.Ka}' Businesses

Km];n}.km]:nm]pQn]ekLpUw],er;SYin];lUc]'(Large corporation)Kw]ekL.Kut];Agk],' kUn];mI;Alac];yG],'SeT;'Kgm],pnI,lUc]' Kw]kL.Ka}"epL;tUv];Aw]nG];Sa}ma}nG];lgk];kat],Kk].tgn]:SG],ciun];tiun];(market capitalisation)miUw]:pI2008suic]'l}:hn]wL: Kgm],pnIlUc]'(Large corporation)hL:An]'(Barrick Gold, Goldcorp, Newmont Mining Corporation, Newcrest Mining, and AngloGold Ashanti)Kw]n}.pQn]'pQn]Kgm],pnI,Kut];Km];An]yG],eSpUin]:mUt];nG];km],PL,n}.n}yw]."

kUn];kL.Ka}lQk].ng}.(Small business operations)Kw]'kUn];hQt];kan]lgk];Kut];Km];Am],Kw]:KGac],pk];pUic](illegal gold mining) Kw]ekL:mI;nm]Et.nc],wL:yU,yw]."

·         5.AkYOw];SUn]San]pqk],pUic]:' Adverse effects

etL:nc],'etL.Et.yip];tuiw];s},yn}.eA,eA,tan],lUw],nn].kUv];n}ekL:'tI:An]l}:yip];tiuw];s},yn}.Agc],Aw]sqt]:Aw]Km];tI:Eh:Km];sUiw];nn].n}.'yc];tiuk].sac]:pQn]kgc].tL,kUn];miUc];tc];la}El:St];tUw],TiUn],Kw]nn].nL,nL,yw]."( Even relatively low concentrations of cyanide, which are used in the recovery of gold from ore, can be highly toxic to people and wildlife)

lgk];nUic];EnmUic];sUiw];yip];w}.mI;w}.Km];nm]lUiw]pUin]:nG];mUic];lum]:fL.

-----------------------------

kat],mI'(lgk];kat],mI;Sa}kL:Kn]KUw];tUk];Kaw];yaw];)  = Bear Market, -A long-term downtrend market,

kat],wUw];'(lgk];kat],mI;Sa}kL:Kn]KUw];Kiun]:)  = Bull Market,

kqw]:Sqc]cibn];Km];KUw];hg}:KUw];tuiw];' = Jewelry, articles of gold, silver, precious stones, etc. for personal adornment,

kgn]:K},Agn],' K},' (kgn]:K},Km];SPL,w)        = Nugget, (Gold nuggets)

kYIeAL;elL,kYI,'(Pa},pa};Sa}An]lQp]:hQn];piun].Kgp],nm].lqn]lin]')      = Geology,

KlUw];r}.Km];'(KUic]:Kqm];mit].Ek,l]pL;Km];)  = Gold chloride,

Km];' Km];tqc]:' (ciun];' ciun];kiw],')       = Gold, (Silver)

Km];'(Km];lIsqt]:sqt]:n}.pQn]SIliUc]lqc]'Km];elL;tgc];nm]n}.etlqc]hqc];'Km];elL;ciun]nm]n}.etliUc]KG]:KQw]Ait];Ait];Am],nn]liUc]PiUk]:')    = Gold, (Symbol Au),

KUw];hg}:KUw];tuiw];'                = Adornments,

EK;rt].' [Km];lIn}.mk];ma}wL:mI;nm].24EK;rt].=(24k.){ = Carat, [(K) pure gold is designated as 24k.]

ciun];Krqn];liUc]' (Eh:ciun];pQn]kgn]:SImn];hm].KG]:pL;Pa},lUic]kQn];cQn];w}.')  = Krennerite, One of the gold telluride group of minerals, (Au,Ag)Te₂; corresponds to the same general formula as sylvanite and calaverite. Silver-white to pale yellow color; sp gr, 8.35.

ciun];TlU;rI;mUn],'(Eh:cuin];SImUn],ca};miUn]siun];nG];mn];pL;Km];'ciun];El:tgc];') = Tellurium(Te), Sylvanite,

es:An]Aw]pin]pQn]Km];l}:'(tqk]:" cuin];es:')   = Gold-convertible paper instruments,

s}yn}.Km];'(KUic]:Kqm];mit].Ek,l]pL;Km];)[sG].tI:la};Aw]f};fL.tiAw]Km];'{  = Gold cyanide,

tqc]:Km];'           = Gold bar,(the world’s largest gold bar has a mass of 250kg. Toi museum, Japan)

pa};mak]:mI;yuc]:'                = Economic disruption,

mQt].Km];SPL,w'               = Gold grains,

lQk];lm]'(kgn]:Eh:mI;Sa}AQn]ciun];trU;rI;mUn],w}.) = Petzite, An isometric mineral, Ag₃AuTe₂; metallic; steel gray to iron black; massive; sp gr, 8.7 to 9.02; in gold-bearing telluride veins; may be a significant source of gold and silver.

lqk]:kB;kn]' (lqk]:kU;kn]tc];ciun];es:)'(tac];-/lgc]:-/An]-)'  = Exchange, (monetary exchange)

wn];Agk],pgt];kac]'(mUic];)[mUic];lip].piy'Afkn]niStn],'AI;kYip].'SUtn],'AiSer;'ekYL,tn],'lqp].pnn].'SI;rI;y'AI,rak].'AI,ran]'Sw]tI,Aer:piy'el:tc];miUc];nG];kun],ygn],Aer;piyn];Kw]km]:Pgc]:nn].{= Middle East, or Mideast, (loosely) the area from Libya E to Afghanistan, usually including Egypt, Sudan, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the other countries of the Arabian peninsula.

hin]man],lm]'(hin]SG]AUn]:Kqc]AUn]:Kqc]w}.eSSImn];lm]') = Nagyagite, a mineral of blackish lead-gray,

Eh:Km];' hin]Eh:Km];'            = Gold ore,